From the abstract: “Forage fish use and value varied and exhibited patterns across latitudes and ecosystem types. Forage fish supported many kinds of predators, including fish, seabirds, marine mammals and squid. Overall, forage fish contribute a total of about $16.9 billion USD to global fisheries values annually, i.e. 20% of the global ex-vessel catch values of all marine fisheries combined. […]
Quote from Abstract “We tested four predictions for central-place foragers provisioning offspring along a gradient in primary production spanning 1000 km of coastline in Argentina, using male Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Three of the predictions were supported. One prediction was not supported. Overall, penguin foraging patterns reflected patterns of oceanographic production, making them important sentinels of environmental variation.” Metadata Authors:
This 2008 paper argues that penguins are marine sentinels. The largest Magellanic penguin colony in Punta Tombo, Argentina, has declined by 22% since 1987. Although oil pollution used to be a major threat, changes in shipping routes have greatly reduced this problem. Today, penguins are swimming farther from their nests to find food, showing that climate change and fishing are
